10 MIN READ
Corn Irrigation Timing and Water Use Efficiency
August 16, 2021
- Crop water use is influenced by atmospheric conditions, crop growth stage, planting date and planting density.
- Substantial reductions in yield potential can occur if corn does not receive enough water to meet evapotranspiration demands during peak water use in the reproductive growth stages.
- Irrigation management usually schedules an application of water before the crop reaches a state of severe water stress.
- Understanding how corn water use changes throughout the season can help guide more efficient irrigation applications.
Evapotranspiration
Crop water use, consumptive use and evapotranspiration (ET) are all terms used interchangeably to describe the water consumed by a crop.1 Evapotranspiration (ET) is used to describe the movement of water through evaporation (E) from the soil and plant surfaces and transpiration (T) through the plant. Transpiration is the movement of water from the soil into plant roots, through plant stems and leaves, and back out into the atmosphere. Transpiration is an important concept because yield is related to the amount of water a plant transpires. Understanding corn water use and the factors that affect it can help guide more efficient irrigation applications.
Factors that Influence Evapotranspiration
Factors that affect ET and irrigation scheduling decisions include:
Crop growth stage. Corn water requirements change throughout the season. Young plants transpire less than larger plants due to a smaller leaf surface area. Corn requires the most water just prior to and during the early reproductive growth stages.
Relative maturity. A full-season corn product will use more water over the course of the season compared to a shorter-season product grown in the same location. While longer-season corn products use more water, they may also have a higher yield potential if heat units and adequate water are available.
Weather conditions. The ability of the atmosphere to evaporate water is the driving force for soil water evaporation and transpiration. Daily ET is influenced by solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind. High air temperatures, low humidity, clear skies, and high winds cause a large evaporative demand that can exceed 0.50 inches of water per day in some areas when the corn crop is in the early reproductive stages.1
Soil water holding capacity and soil water content. Soil type dictates the maximum amount of water a soil can hold and how much of that water will be available to plants. Fine textured soils can hold more water than coarse textured soils. As the soil dries, it becomes more difficult for plants to extract water. When the soil water profile is full (field capacity), plants use water at the maximum rate. As the water content of the soil drops, plants are less able to extract the water. Soil water begins to limit transpiration when the soil dries below a threshold generally halfway between field capacity and wilting point.
Corn water use fluctuates throughout the season depending on weather conditions and crop growth stage (Figure 1).
Corn Water Use and Irrigation Requirements by Growth Stage
High yielding corn requires approximately 22 to 30 inches of water per year depending on planting date, planting density, maturity group, location, and weather conditions.2 Corn requires the most water during the early reproductive growth stages (Table 1), which are also the most sensitive stages to water stress. Substantial reductions in yield can occur if corn does not receive enough water to meet ET demands during this critical water use period.
Table 1. Example of crop water use (ET) by growth stage for 113-day maturity corn.
Early Growth Stages
Corn uses very little water during the seedling stage. If early season precipitation and stored soil moisture are adequate for seedling emergence and early plant development, irrigation is not recommended immediately following planting. Without the plant canopy to shade the soil surface, much of the irrigation could be lost to evaporation. However, there are two scenarios where overhead sprinkler irrigation is recommended just after a corn crop is seeded.
- If after planting the surface soil moisture has dried to the point where there is not enough moisture to meet the germinating seed requirement for uniform germination and emergence, then an irrigation application or two (0.5 to 1.0 inches/application), depending on soil type, is recommended. This is to ensure uniform emergence and reduce the occurrence of late emerging seedlings or skips in the stand due to seeds in dry soil, delayed germination, or failure to germinate at all.
- If pre-emergence herbicides are applied just before or after planting, a light irrigation (.5 to 1.0 inches) is often used to incorporate these herbicides into the top two inches of the soil profile to position the herbicide in the soil zone of germinating weed seeds.
Producers should rely on stored soil moisture and natural precipitation as much as possible during the early growth stages as an early irrigation can also cool the soil and delay seed germination and early growth.
Vegetative Stages
The vegetative stages of corn are often considered the least sensitive stages to water stress yield loss. If irrigation supplies are limited, the vegetative stages may provide an opportunity to conserve irrigation for the reproductive stages where it will have the most impact on yield potential (Figure 2).
Early Reproductive Stages
Corn water use peaks during the early reproductive stages. Water stress should be avoided during tasseling, silking, and pollination. Water stress during silking can have the greatest impact on yield potential due to desiccation of the silks and pollen grains, which can result in poor pollination.1 Corn water demands often exceed precipitation amounts during these critical growth stages (Table 2). It is important to plan ahead by knowing the capacity of the irrigation system to ensure that adequate water is available to the crop through these growth stages.
Table 2. Effects of irrigation on corn yields, Scandia Experiment Field, 1980-1991.
Dough through Dent Stages
Corn water use rates steadily decrease from the dough stage through maturity due to a lower evaporative demand (shorter days, lower temperatures, lower solar radiation), a loss of transpiring leaf area as lower leaves begin to die, and changes in plant physiology.1 Corn continues to require roughly 30% of its seasonal water requirement at the beginning of the dough stage (Table 3). For optimal grain development and maximum yield potential, corn requires water right up to physiological maturity. Water stress during the dough through dent stages can accelerate maturity, prohibiting kernels from reaching their full potential size and weight (poor kernel test weight).3
Table 3. Example of water requirements for corn during the late reproductive stages through maturity.
Maturity
Water is no longer needed for kernel growth after physiological maturity (black layer) and no yield benefits can be achieved with additional irrigation. Allowing soils to dry at maturity is a good strategy for avoiding compaction that can be caused by harvesting machinery on wet soils.
Water Use Efficiency
Water use efficiency (WUE) is defined as the amount of grain produced per unit of water used by a crop. The concept of WUE has been around for a long time but research is ongoing to help determine what can be done to grow more crop with less water. Enhancing WUE at the canopy level can be achieved by adopting practices that reduce the soil water evaporation component and divert more water into transpiration which can be achieved through crop residue management, mulching, row spacing, genetic response, and irrigation system efficiency.4
Residue Management and Tillage System Response
The soil water evaporation component of ET can be reduced with conservation tillage and strip tillage which can be increased with surface crop residue. Adding crop residue to the soil surface has shown benefits in decreasing soil water evaporation and increasing WUE in semi-arid regions.4 Tillage increases the exposed surface area of the soil which increases evaporation and runoff, destroys crop residue that can catch rain and snow, and may reduce water infiltration rate because of compaction that can be created during the tillage process. Surface residue also helps increase infiltration rates by limiting the amount of surface sealing (crusting) created by rainfall and irrigation droplets. When a droplet hits a bare soil surface there is a physical disintegration of soil aggregates and their compaction, caused by the impact of raindrops, which can cause soil surface sealing and result in poor water intake rates. The residue is a physical barrier that does not allow the droplet to impact the soil surface. Surface residue also helps reduce runoff by creating obstructions that limit water movement and allow more time for water to percolate into the soil profile.
Row Spacing Response
Narrow rows can help reduce the time the soil is not covered and may increase WUE by decreasing soil evaporation. This may be a potential water management tool to increase WUE especially for water limited environments or under rainfed environments with variable rainfall during the growing season. Evaporation can be suppressed in irrigated fields by increasing planting density to encourage rapid ground cover. In general, more of a yield response to narrow rows is expected to occur in northern production states, likely due to their shorter growing seasons. There is an advantage to narrow rows for yield increase in a high-yield environment and no advantage in the mid- to low-yield environments.5
Genetic Response
The concept of WUE has been proposed in plant breeding to help identify water use efficient genotypes under changing climate regimes, heat and water-deficit stress, and interactions among them. It has been demonstrated that apparent photosynthesis and transpiration under water-deficit conditions were related to WUE and could be used as tools to assess comparisons in genetic material. The resilience of genetic material to stress, e.g., temperature or water, will provide the newer genetic material with greater WUE.4
Irrigation Response
The type of irrigation and irrigation system design can drastically affect the WUE of a corn crop. No irrigation system is 100% efficient but converting a flood or furrow irrigation system to overhead sprinkler irrigation or even realizing more efficiency by converting to a subsurface drip system, can drastically increase irrigation efficiency.
Furrow or flood (surface) type irrigation may only be 50% efficient when you consider the potential for run-off and application rate variability. Excessively long irrigation runs result in water being lost to the crop by deep percolation on the upstream end of the field by the time the downstream end is adequately irrigated. And by the time the downstream end is adequately irrigated there is the potential for excessive runoff. WUE is negatively affected by both potential water losses to the crop.
Overhead sprinkler irrigation WUE can be drastically affected by the height of the irrigation nozzle above the canopy and the water droplet size created by the nozzle package. The wind velocity along with small irrigation droplet size can reduce the irrigation efficiency by increased evaporation before the water droplet hits the soil surface. Another area of poor WUE is the area watered by the end gun on many systems. Many systems have had the end gun removed because the WUE for the area irrigated by the end gun is often the least efficient area irrigated under the overhead irrigation system. Remote system monitoring can now be used to check on a system’s function and even start or stop a system which can have a positively effect on the WUE.
Subsurface drip-irrigation (SDI) is a way of irrigating crops through plastic tubes placed under the soil surface. These systems reduce the soil water evaporation, from between the plant rows, early in the season and limits almost all the evaporation component from the canopy. Using an SDI system can help provide high WUE and potential savings of 25-50% compared to flood irrigation. Using SDI also has a positive effect on the environment through reduced nitrate leakage in the lower soil layers, unlike other irrigation systems especially flood or furrow irrigation systems. One of the reasons that SDI is not used on more acres is the initial cost of installation. The investment to install this type of the system can range from $2,000 to $4,000 per acre.6
When considering an irrigation system for corn production any system or nozzle package that can shift more of the water use from evaporation to transpiration can positively affect the WUE.2
Cover Crop Response
Cover crops have the potential to reduce soil erosion and compaction, increase water holding capacity, soil organic matter, and suppress weeds which can all have a positive effect on the WUE of a corn crop. Different cover crop species and different cover crop planting dates may have specific effects on cropping systems especially in semi-arid areas where the moisture available to grow a crop has a substantial effect on corn yield potential. Timing of cover crop termination is key to avoiding excessive cover crop growth, water use, and nitrogen immobilization, and consequently potentially reducing corn grain yield.7
WUE has increased over time because the grain yields have increased while water use has remained relatively constant.
Sources
1 Kranz, W., Irmak, S., van Donk, S., Yonts, D. and Martin, D. Irrigation Management for Corn, NebGuide G1850. https://water.unl.edu/article/agricultural-irrigation/irrigation-management-publications-nebraska-extension
2 Schneekloth, J. and Andales, A. 2017. Seasonal Water Needs and Opportunities for Limited Irrigation for Colorado Crops – 4.718 https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/agriculture/seasonal-water-needs-and-opportunities-for-limited-irrigation-for-colorado-crops-4-718/
3 Lamm, F.R. and Abou Kheira, A.A. 2009. Corn irrigation macromanagement at the seasonal boundaries – initiating and terminating the irrigation season. Proceedings of the 2009 CPIC. Colby, Kansas, Feb 24-25.
4 Hatfield, J. L., Dold, C., 2019. Water-Use Efficiency: Advances and challenges in a changing climate. National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2019.00103/full
5 Presley, D., Shoup, D., Holman, J. and Schlege, A. Efficient crop water use in Kansas. Kansas State
University. IMF3066 https://search.k-state.edu/?qt=Efficient+crop+water+use+in+Kansas&subsitename=KSRE+Bookstore&subsiteurl=www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu
6 Petkovski , M. 2020.The advantages of subsurface drip irrigation in corn production. AgFuse.
https://agfuse.com/article/the-advantages-of-subsurface-drip-irrigation-in-corn-production.
7 Tonon Rosa, A., Elmore, R., Creech, C. and Werle. R. 2019. Impact of cover crop management on rainfed corn production in western Nebraska. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2019/cover-crop-impact-rainfed-corn
Web sources verified 06/21/21. 1021_S01
Seed Brands & Traits
Crop Protection
Disclaimer
Disclaimers
- always read and follow pesticide label directions, insect resistance management requirements (where applicable), and grain marketing and all other stewardship practices. to review additional important information, click to open the menu below.expand_more
No dicamba may be used in-crop with seed with Roundup Ready® Xtend Technology, unless and until approved or specifically permitted, and no dicamba formulations are currently registered for such use in the 2024 season. Please follow www.roundupreadyxtend.com/xtendimaxupdates for status updates
Based on Court ruling and EPA Existing Stocks Order* on XtendiMax® Herbicide registration, Bayer has stopped its sale and distribution of XtendiMax® Herbicide. Visit our XtendiMax herbicide updates page to learn the latest www.roundupreadyxtend.com/xtendimaxupdates.
*Low-volatility dicamba products subject to the ruling include XtendiMax® herbicide with VaporGrip® Technology, Engenia® herbicide and Tavium® Plus VaporGrip® Technology herbicide.
The Preceon™ Smart Corn System, including short stature corn developed through traditional breeding, is expected to be available, subject to final commercialization decisions, for planting in the 2024 growing season.
Short stature corn developed through biotechnology is not currently available for commercial sale or commercial planting. Commercialization is dependent on multiple factors, including successful conclusion of the regulatory process.
This material may contain “forward-looking statements” based on current assumptions and forecasts made by Bayer management. Various known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors could lead to material differences between the actual future results, financial situation, development or performance of the company and the estimates given here. These factors include those discussed in Bayer’s public reports which are available on the Bayer website at www.bayer.com. The company assumes no liability whatsoever to update these forward-looking statements or to conform them to future events or developments.
*Commercialization is dependent on multiple factors, including successful conclusion of the regulatory process. The information presented herein is provided for educational purposes only, and is not and shall not be construed as an offer to sell, or a recommendation to use, any unregistered pesticide for any purpose whatsoever. It is a violation of federal law to promote or offer to sell an unregistered pesticide.
Bayer is a member of Excellence Through Stewardship® (ETS). Bayer products are commercialized in accordance with ETS Product Launch Stewardship Guidance, and in compliance with Bayer’s Policy for Commercialization of Biotechnology-Derived Plant Products in Commodity Crops. Commercialized products have been approved for import into key export markets with functioning regulatory systems. Any crop or material produced from this product can only be exported to, or used, processed or sold in countries where all necessary regulatory approvals have been granted. It is a violation of national and international law to move material containing biotech traits across boundaries into nations where import is not permitted. Growers should talk to their grain handler or product purchaser to confirm their buying position for this product. Excellence Through Stewardship® is a registered trademark of Excellence Through Stewardship.
XtendiMax® herbicide with VaporGrip® Technology has been classified as pesticide and must be used with VaporGrip® Xtra Agent (or an equivalent volatility reduction adjuvant). For approved tank-mix products (including VRAs and DRAs), nozzles and other important label information visit XtendiMaxApplicationRequirements.com. Applicators must check XtendiMaxApplicationRequirements.com no more than 7 days before application of this product for additional labeling, including state restrictions. Where applicable, users must comply with additional requirements found on this website.
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. Not all products are registered for use in all states and may be subject to use restrictions. The distribution, sale, or use of an unregistered pesticide is a violation of federal and/or state law and is strictly prohibited. Check with your local dealer or representative for the product registration status in your state.
Product Use Statement: Enlist E3® soybeans contain the Enlist E3 trait that provides crop safety for use of labeled over-the-top applications of glyphosate, glufosinate and 2,4-D herbicides featuring Colex-D® technology when applied according to label directions. Following burndown, the only 2,4-D containing herbicide products that may be used with Enlist® crops are products that feature Colex-D technology and are expressly labeled for use on Enlist crops. 2,4-D products that do not contain Colex-D technology are not authorized for use in conjunction with Enlist E3 soybeans. Warning: Enlist E3 soybeans are tolerant of over-the top applications of glyphosate, glufosinate, and 2,4-D. Accidental application of incompatible herbicides to this variety could result in total crop loss. When using 2,4-D herbicides, grower agrees to only use 2,4-D products that contain Colex-D technology authorized for use in conjunction with Enlist E3 soybeans. Always read and follow herbicide label directions prior to use.
YOU MUST SIGN A TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENT, READ THE PRODUCT USE GUIDE PRIOR TO PLANTING AND FOLLOW HERBICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT (HRM) REQUIREMENTS.
The transgenic soybean event in the Enlist E3® soybeans is jointly developed and owned by Corteva Agriscience and M.S. Technologies, L.L.C. ®™ Enlist, Enlist E3, the Enlist E3 logo and Colex-D are trademarks Corteva Agriscience and its affiliate companies.
Alloy™ and Connect™ are trademarks of M.S. Technologies, L.L.C., West Point, IA. Please read the M.S. Technologies, L.L.C. Use Restriction Agreement located at: - http://www.mstechseed.com/use-restriction-agreement/.
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. FOR COTTON TREATED FOR MARKET YEAR 2024, EACH ACCELERON® SEED APPLIED SOLUTIONS OFFERING is a combination of separate individually registered products containing the active ingredients: BASIC Offering: fluoxastrobin, prothioconazole, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, and penflufen. STANDARD Offering: fluoxastrobin, prothioconazole, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, penflufen, and imidacloprid. ELITE plus Copeo® Offering: fluoxastrobin, prothioconazole, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, penflufen, imidacloprid, and fluropyram.
FOR COTTON TREATED FOR MARKET YEAR 2022 OR PRIOR, EACH ACCELERON® SEED APPLIED SOLUTIONS OFFERING is a combination of separate individually registered products containing the active ingredients: BASIC Offering: fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin, metalaxyl, and myclobutanil. STANDARD Offering: fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, and imidacloprid. ELITE plus Poncho®/VOTiVO® Offering: fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, imidacloprid, clothianidin, and Bacillus Firmus I-1582.
Please review each seed tag to determine active ingredients in the product offering on the seed. The distribution, sale, or use of an unregistered pesticide is a violation of federal and/or state law and is strictly prohibited. Not all products are approved in all states.
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. FOR SOYBEANS SEED TREATMENT PRODUCTS APPLIED DOWNSTREAM, EACH ACCELERON® SEED APPLIED SOLUTIONS OFFERING is a combination of separate individually registered products containing the active ingredients: BASIC Offering: metalaxyl, penflufen and prothioconazole. STANDARD Offering: metalaxyl, penflufen, prothioconazol and imidacloprid. FOR UPSTREAM TREATED SOYBEANS, EACH ACCELERON® SEED APPLIED SOLUTIONS OFFERINGis a combination of separate individually registered products containing the active ingredients: BASIC Offering: metalaxyl, fluxapyroxad, and pyraclostrobin. STANDARD Offering: metalaxyl, fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin and imidacloprid. The distribution, sale, or use of an unregistered pesticide is a violation of federal and/or state law and is strictly prohibited. Not all products are approved in all states.
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. FOR CORN, EACH ACCELERON® SEED APPLIED SOLUTIONS OFFERING is a combination of separate individually registered products containing the active ingredients: BASIC plus Poncho®/VOTiVO® Offering for corn: metalaxyl, ethaboxam, prothioconazole, fluoxastrobin, clothianidin, Bacillus firmus I-1582. ELITE plus Poncho®/VOTiVO® Offering for corn: metalaxyl, ethaboxam, clothianidin, and Bacillus firmus I-1582; prothioconazole and fluoxastrobin at rates that suppress additional diseases. BASIC Offering for corn: metalaxyl, prothioconazole, fluoxastrobin, ethaboxam, and clothianidin. ELITE Offering for corn: metalaxyl, ethaboxam, and clothianidin; and prothioconazole and fluoxastrobin at rates that suppress additional diseases. BioRise® Corn Offering is included seamlessly across offerings on all class of 2017 and newer products. The distribution, sale, or use of an unregistered pesticide is a violation of federal and/or state law and is strictly prohibited. Not all products are approved in all states.
Performance may vary, from location to location and from year to year, as local growing, soil and weather conditions may vary. Growers should evaluate data from multiple locations and years whenever possible and should consider the impacts of these conditions on the grower’s fields.
The Bayer Carbon Program described in this material is subject to the current version of the Bayer Carbon-Smart Practices Master Agreement. The information is to aid in the understanding of the Bayer Carbon Program and does not change or modify the Bayer Carbon-Smart Practices Master Agreement in any way.
The RRXtend Spray App provides forecasts for locations within the contiguous United States. Do not use this app for forecasts outside the contiguous United States. Forecasts are for planning purposes only and are not a substitute for checking actual weather conditions at your location at the time of application and comply with the product label and other legal requirements.
B.t. products may not yet be registered in all states. Check with your seed brand representative for the registration status in your state.
Refuge seed may not always contain the DroughtGard® trait. Adament™ 50 WG Fungicide is only registered in California. Roundup Technology® includes glyphosate-based herbicide technologies.
IMPORTANT IRM INFORMATION: Certain products are sold as RIB Complete® corn blend products, and do not require the planting of a structured refuge except in the Cotton-Growing Area where corn earworm is a significant pest. Products sold without refuge in the bag (non-RIB Complete) require the planting of a structured refuge. See the IRM/Grower Guide for additional information. Always read and follow IRM requirements.
ONLY USE FORMULATIONS THAT ARE SPECIFICALLY LABELED FOR SUCH USES AND APPROVED FOR SUCH USE IN THE STATE OF APPLICATION. Contact the U.S. EPA and your state pesticide regulatory agency with any questions about the approval status of dicamba herbicide products for in-crop use with products with XtendFlex® Technology.
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. It is a violation of federal and state law to use any pesticide product other than in accordance with its labeling. NOT ALL formulations of dicamba or glyphosate are approved for in-crop use with Roundup Ready 2 Xtend® soybeans. NOT ALL formulations of dicamba, glyphosate or glufosinate are approved for in-crop use with products with XtendFlex® Technology.
Roundup Ready® Technology contains genes that confer tolerance to glyphosate. Roundup Ready® 2 Technology contains genes that confer tolerance to glyphosate. LibertyLink® Technology contains genes that confer tolerance to glufosinate. Roundup Ready® Flex Technology contains genes that confer tolerance to glyphosate. Roundup Ready technology contains genes that confer tolerance to glyphosate, an active ingredient in Roundup® brand agricultural herbicides. Roundup Ready 2 Xtend® soybeans contain genes that confer tolerance to glyphosate and dicamba. Products with XtendFlex® Technology contains genes that confer tolerance to glyphosate, glufosinate and dicamba. Plants that are not tolerant to glyphosate, dicamba, and/or glufosinate may be damaged or killed if exposed to those herbicides. Contact your seed brand dealer or refer to the Bayer Technology Use Guide for recommended weed control programs.
Insect control technology provided by Vip3A is utilized under license from Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Movento® MPC Insecticide is only registered for use in Florida, Georgia and Alabama. Aeris®, Balance® Flexx, Baythroid® XL, Corvus®, Degree Xtra®, Harness® Xtra 5.6L Herbicide, Harness® Xtra Herbicide, Huskie® Complete, Leverage® 360, and TriVolt™ are restricted use pesticides. Not all products are registered for use in all states and may be subject to use restrictions. The distribution, sale, or use of an unregistered pesticide is a violation of federal and/or state law and is strictly prohibited. Check with your local dealer or representative for the product registration status in your state. Fortenza Advanced™ is an on-seed application of Fortenza® and Rascendo® seed treatments. Agrisure Viptera®, Fortenza Advanced™, Fortenza® and Rascendo® are trademarks of Syngenta Group Company. Tank mixtures: The applicable labeling for each product must be in the possession of the user at the time of application. Follow applicable use instructions, including application rates, precautions and restrictions of each product used in the tank mixture. Not all tank mix product formulations have been tested for compatibility or performance other than specifically listed by brand name. Always predetermine the compatibility of tank mixtures by mixing small proportional quantities in advance. Degree® is a registered trademark of Monsanto Technology LLC. Channel®, Channel® and the Arrow Design® and Seedsmanship At Work® are registered trademarks of Channel Bio, LLC. Services and products offered by Climate LLC are subject to the customer agreeing to our Terms of Service. Our services provide estimates or recommendations based on models. These do not guarantee results. Consult with your agronomist, commodity broker, or other industry professional before making financial, farming, or risk management decisions. More information at www.climate.com/legal/disclaimer. FieldView™ is a trademark of Climate LLC. Herculex® is a registered trademark of Dow AgroSciences LLC. Clearfield®, Copeo®, ILeVO®, LibertyLink logo® , LibertyLink®, Poncho®, Poncho®/Votivo® and Votivo® are trademarks of BASF Corporation. Respect the Refuge and Corn Design® and Respect the Refuge® are registered trademarks of National Corn Growers Association. Some of the product(s) discussed herein are restricted use pesticide(s) and may not be registered in all states. The distribution, sale, or use of an unregistered pesticide is a violation of federal and/or state law and is strictly prohibited. Check with your local dealer or product representative for the product registration status in your state. Absolute®, Acceleron®, Adament™, Admire®, Aeris®, Aliette®, Alion®, Allegiance®, Asgrow and the A Design®, Asgrow®, Autumn™, Axiom®, Balance®, Bayer, Bayer Cross, Baythroid®, BioRise®, Bollgard II®, Bollgard®, BUTEO™ start, Capreno®, ConnectIN™, Corn States Triangle Design®, Corvus®, Degree Xtra®, DEKALB and Design®, DEKALB®, Delaro®, Deltapine Select™, Deltapine®, DiFlexx®, Disease Shield®, DroughtGard®, DryTough™, Emesto®, Evergol®, EverGol®, FarmFlex®, Finish®, Flint®, Fontanelle Hybrids and Design®, Fontanelle Hybrids®, Gaucho®, Gem®, Ginstar®, Gold Country Seed®, Ground Breakers®, H Hubner and Design™, Harness®, Hubner Seed & Design®, Hubner Seed Your Trustworthy Seed Resource & Design®, Hubner Seed™, Huskie®, Jung Seed Genetics & Design®, Jung Seed Genetics™, Kruger Seeds™, Laudis® , Leaf Triangle Design®, Leverage®, Lewis Hybrids and Design®, Lewis Hybrids™ , Lewis Premium Grains & Design®, Luna Experience®, Luna Privilege®, Luna Sensation®, Luna Tranquility®, Luna® Flex, Luna® Pro Fungicide, Luxxur®, MILK MAXX SILAGE RESEARCH and Design®, Minuet™, Movento®, Movento® HL, Nortron®, Oberon®, Olympus®, Poncho®, Preceon™, Proline®, Propulse®, Prosaro®, Prosper®, Provost®, Raxil®, REA Hybrids and Design™, Rea Hybrids™ , Respect the Refuge and Cotton Design®, RIB Complete and Design®, RIB Complete®, Ricestar®, Rimfire®, Roundup PowerMAX®, Roundup Ready 2 Technology and Design®, Roundup Ready 2 Xtend®, Roundup Ready 2 Yield®, Roundup Ready®, Roundup Technology®, Roundup WeatherMAX and Design®, Roundup WeatherMAX®, Roundup®, RT 3 Powered by Roundup Technology and Design®, RT 3®, Scala®, Serenade®, Serenade® SOIL fungicide, SilageSmart & Design®, SilageSmart®, Sivanto®, SmartStax®, Specialty and Design®, Specialty Hybrids™, SR and Design®, Stance®, Stewart and Design™, Stewart Seeds™, Stone Seed & Design™, Stone Seed™, Stratego®, ThryvOn™, Trecepta®, Trilex®, TripleFLEX®, TriVolt™, TruFlex™, VaporGrip®, Varro®, Velum®, Vistive®, VT Double PRO®, VT Triple PRO®, VT4PRO™, VT4PRO™ , Warrant®, WestBred and Design®, WestBred®, Wolverine®, XtendFlex®, XtendiMax® and YieldGard VT PRO® are trademarks of Bayer Group. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. For additional product information call toll-free 1-866-99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our website at www.BayerCropScience.us. Bayer CropScience LP, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63167. ©2024 Bayer Group. All rights reserved.
![roundup ready2 technology logo](/_next/image?url=%2Ffooter%2Froundup-ready2-technology.png&w=256&q=100)
![roundup ready 2yield technology logo](/_next/image?url=%2Ffooter%2Froundup-ready-2yield-technology.png&w=384&q=100)
![roundup ready flex logo](/_next/image?url=%2Ffooter%2Froundup-ready-flex-logo.png&w=384&q=100)
![liberty link logo](/_next/image?url=%2Ffooter%2Fliberty-link-logo.png&w=384&q=100)
![respect refuge cotton logo](/_next/image?url=%2Ffooter%2FRespectRefugeCotton.png&w=256&q=100)
![respect refuge corn logo](/_next/image?url=%2Ffooter%2FRespectRefugeCorn.png&w=256&q=100)
![IRM statement logo](/_next/image?url=%2Ffooter%2FIRM-statement.png&w=640&q=100)
©2024 Bayer Group. All rights reserved.